Market approach
Comparable market evidence × supported property adjustmentsTypically the primary indication for conventional housing when relevant, recent and verified transactions are available.
M1MODEL GOVERNANCE
No valuation conclusion without evidence.
KTIMIO shows three distinct approaches, keeps acquisition cost separate and declines to blend weak inputs into a false final answer.
Income approach
NOI ÷ market-derived capitalization rateUseful for income-producing property. Rent, vacancy, expenses and cap rate must all be supportable.
Cost approach
land value + replacement cost new − depreciationUseful for new or specialized property and as a cross-check. Land and depreciation are often the weakest inputs.
Evidence pipeline
Property identity → source provenance → relevant market records → feature normalization → method-specific inputs → uncertainty and data-density gates → output and audit trail.
Model validation
Future AVM claims must be evaluated on later, unseen transactions with time, geography and property identity held out. Metrics must be published by segment, together with interval coverage and abstention rate. The current public tool is an explainable research model, not a certified appraisal.
Reconciliation
Three available indications do not justify a simple average. Reliability, relevance, intended use and the basis of value determine weighting. KTIMIO therefore displays each approach separately unless verified evidence and a governed reconciliation policy are present.
LIVE WORKBENCH
Open valuation →